Produkty dla konstrukcja wierzchnia (43)

GLASS 320 WHITE ist ein nicht brennbares Glasgewebe A2, das speziell für anspruchsvolle Anwendungen im Bereich des textilen Bauens entwickelt wurde. Mit seiner hohen mechanischen Belastbarkeit und Zugfestigkeit ist es ideal für den Einsatz in öffentlichen Gebäuden mit hoher Publikumsfrequenz, wie Flughäfen, Bahnhöfen und Museen. Das Gewebe ist nach der neuen Norm EN 13501-1 A2 -s1, d0 zertifiziert und bietet somit höchste Sicherheit in brandschutzbedürftigen Einbausituationen. Die großzügige Breite von 320 cm ermöglicht nahtfreie Anwendungen, was es ideal für großflächige Wandverkleidungen und Hinterleuchtungen macht. Neben seinen technischen Vorteilen bietet GLASS 320 WHITE auch gestalterische Flexibilität. Die einseitige Beschichtung ist auf die Herausforderungen der LED-Technik abgestimmt und sorgt für eine homogene Lichtverteilung ohne Sterncheneffekte. Die reinweiße Oberfläche bietet eine reflektionsfreie Ebene, die sich ideal als Beamer-Leinwand eignet. Ob als Wandverkleidung, Druckmedium oder flexible Wand zur sicheren Abgrenzung bei Umbaumaßnahmen, GLASS 320 WHITE ist die perfekte Lösung für moderne Architekturprojekte.

Die Vorteile unser Bewehrungsmatten in Kombination mit geeignetem Zubehör ermöglichen eine schnelle und sichere Herstellung von plattenartigen Bauteilen. Dazu gehört die einfache Bewehrungsbefestigung, die zum einen eine stabile Positionierung garantiert und zum anderen Abstandshalter überflüssig macht. Das Ergebnis sind technisch und optisch hervorragende Betonelemente, die stets eine gleichbleibend hohe Qualität bieten und gleichzeitig äußerst wirtschaftlich herzustellen sind.

Objecten die worden blootgesteld aan weersinvloeden zoals UV-licht, luchtvervuiling en temperatuurschommelingen hebben het vaak zwaar te verduren. Onze oplossingen verlengen de levensduur van elk object en materiaal soort, zowel binnen als buiten. Door objecten blijvend preventief te beschermen, blijven ze schoner, langer in nieuwstaat en wordt de levensduur verlengd en bespaart u op de kosten. Alles is onderhevig aan vervuilingen en veroudering. Met geregeld onderhoud, zoals schoonmaken, zijn grote investeringen gemoeid, vooral bij gebouwen en andere bouwobjecten. Door dit Reinasan systeem toe te passen kan hier eenvoudig op worden bespaard. Onze producten zijn vrij van PFAS en fluoride. Veroudering, verkleuring en aantasting door vervuilingen zoals algen, mossen, schimmels of luchtverontreiniging tasten o.a. allerlei type daken aan. Gelukkig is dit nu verleden tijd wanneer u gebruik maakt van dit Reinasan systeem.

The Customised manufacturing is performed in a 3000 sqm area. We offer a wide range of services: we construct and machine small, medium and large size components, from 10mm till 5200x3250x2700mm and we have a giant CMM to measure the big size: DEA ALPHA, Leitz X1 - 5000x2500x1800 mm. We have more than 30 machines in this facility (milling, CNC machining centres, grinding, lathes) and 2 Quality laboratories. We have a painting, welding and heat (surface) treatment services. The strength of this division is the design and manufacturing of fixtures and dedicated machines aiding manufacturing. We can imagine, create and produce fixtures and we can assembly and test, even if this is hydraulic or pneumatic. We can perform electrical work as well. Reference:Customised Business Unit

Syntech Pavicrom SBV Colored two-component finish, permeable to water vapour, based on epoxy resins in water dispersion. Ideal for the pigmented coating of industrial floors and concrete constructions in general with residual humidity and without vapor barrier. Surfaces treated with Syntech Pavicrom SBV are easy to clean and guarantee excellent resistance to mechanical wear, as well as being highly resistant to water, alkaline solutions, detergents and hydrocarbons (petroleum, diesel, petrol, etc.) . Protective and decorative painting of concrete floors, restoration of the color of old resin floors, glazing of wall skirting boards, etc. Ideal for mechanical workshops, manufacturing industries, warehouses and factories in general where high chemical and mechanical resistance is required. It can be used both indoors and outdoors. Concrete The surfaces to be coated must be stable, clean and free of substances that could affect the adhesion of the coating. In case of restoration, use suitable mortars and products suitable for the system beforehand. Wait for the drying times before applying the next coat. The tensile strength must not be less than 1.5 N/mm². Existing paints, coatings or paints, cement grout residues, release agents, oils, greases, silicones, etc. they can be removed mechanically by sandblasting, blasting, hydroblasting or chemical removal. Cracks and fissures In case of static cracks, use Syntech Primer EP-W for sealing. The sealing of dynamic cracks or cracks larger than 4-5 mm must be assessed on site. Generally they can be grouted with elastomeric materials or act as expansion joints. Grouting and spot repairs Any holes or repairs to portions of concrete can be made with mortars from the REPAR line or by applying epoxy mortar made with Syntech Primer EP-W and quartz mastics. Apply a coat of Syntech Primer EP-W as a bonding primer, then proceed to seal and repair the damaged and broken concrete by applying the epoxy mortar. Any small filling of holes and cracks can be done by applying Syntech AS 21 epoxy mortar. Resin coatings The surfaces to be covered must be stable, clean and free of substances such as dirt, grease, oil, etc. which can affect the adhesion of the coating. Smooth the surface by mechanical sanding with diamond discs and vacuum. It is recommended to wash the surfaces and let them dry completely before applying the finish. Primer for concrete Syntech Pavicrom SBV can be applied directly to cementitious substrates as the product diluted with a maximum of 25% by weight of clean water acts as an anchoring primer. Resin coatings The application of Syntech Pavicrom SBV on resinous and multilayer systems must always be preceded by sanding the entire surface to promote and guarantee optimal adhesion of the product to the support. Combine the two components in the indicated mixing ratio. Add component B (hardener) to component A (base) and mix well until a completely homogeneous product is obtained. It is advisable to start mixing briefly with an electric drill at low speed and then intensify the stirring up to a maximum of 300-400 rpm. Leave the emulsion obtained to rest in the container, respecting the following induction times: at 15°C ~ 20 minutes at 25°C ~ 15 minutes at 30°C ~ 10 minutes The product can be applied uniformly using a spray gun or short-haired roller to avoid accumulations of material which could give rise to aesthetic defects. The application of the product must be carried out by crossing the passes and paying particular attention to the shots, regularly unloading the roller beyond the applied area to obtain a uniform film and eliminate any accumulations of product. Apply the first coat of Syntech Pavicrom SBV diluted with a maximum of 25% by weight of clean water as primer. The dilution must be carried out under mechanical stirring, adding the necessary quantity of water at the end of the induction time. Do not dilute the product further during application if it thickens it means that the use time has expired. Create a new emulsion with highly mixed material. Wait at least 12 hours, then apply the second one Colored finish diluted with a maximum of 20% weight of clean water, respecting the consumption and thicknesses indicated. It is possible to create non-slip finishes by adding quartz or hollow glass spheres. From 0.15 to 0.20 kg of Syntech Pavicrom SBV for each square meter of surface to be covered, for each coat. Pail 2.5 kg [A] - Pail 5 kg [A] - Pail 3 kg [B] - Pail 6 kg [B] - Kit: 1 Pail 2.5 kg [A] + 1 Pail 3 kg [B] - Kit: 1 Pail 5 kg [A] + 1 Pail 6 kg [B]

In order to enhance the qualities of soil and make it more suitable for constructing infrastructure such as roads highways and airport runways the construction industry uses mechanical stabilization plants. In order to improve the strength durability and load-bearing capacity of the soil binding agents like lime cement or foamed bitumen are blended into the soil. The objective is to produce a uniform stable material that can back the building of long-lasting structures and surfaces. In situations where the native soil lacks the necessary qualities for construction mechanical stabilization plants are crucial. By modifying the properties of the soil these plants guarantee that the foundation is robust enough to support large loads and withstand environmental influences. The resulting stabilized soil serves as a dependable base for long-lasting infrastructure and is utilized for a variety of purposes including embankments and road bases and subgrades.

• Glatte Innenflächen für extrem feines Arbeiten • Spielfreier Gang • Mit durchgestecktem Gelenk und Öffnungsfeder • Griffe mit ergonomisch geformten ESD Mehrkomponenten-Hüllen, elektrisch ableitend • Aus Werkzeugstahl, geschmiedet, ölgehärtet Länge in Millimeter:115 Gewicht in Gramm:70

The quality of the surface treatment determines the value and ultimately the success of a product. That's why we go the extra mile. RPWORLD offers a variety of surface finishes to meet client’s various of applications and requirements. - Surface treatment A Wide Range of Options. Painting, anodizing, plating, printing etc., are provided to meet your various expectations for part appearance. - Various of textures Various Textures: MT Texture, VDI Texture, RPPTC Texture are provided. - Different Roughness and Transparency Different transparencies to fulfill your requirements on various levels of roughness and transparency for parts. - Highly-trained Technicians. Highly trained technicians with over a decade’s experience care your parts to the most details. Industries Applied: - Medical Device Manufacturing - Automotive - Scientific Instrument - Mechanical Engineering - Robotic - Design

For quick, economical evaporation and thickening of liquids and solutions - A quartz material / glass-encased, spiral-shaped, electrical heating coil with a large surface, which is mounted in a quartz material reflector shell with a handle, allows liquids to be heated indirectly by infrared radiation. This is used for the fast, economical evaporation or concentration of liquids. Due to this principle, only the surface of the liquid is heated very strongly, as the thermal radiation is absorbed even after shallow penetration, thus enabling gentle, uniform evaporation.In contrast to boiling evaporation, there is no loss of substance due to splashes from a moving boiling surface. Since surface evaporators are made exclusively from the material fused quartz / glass, it is possible to use the advantages of the material, such as good IR permeability, heat and heat change resistance, lowest electrical conductivity, exceptionally high chemical purity and resistance as a material. It complies with EC Directive 89/336 / EEC and EC Directive 73/23 / EEC.

Diese Formrohre haben durch uns den richtigen "Sitz" bekommen.

Brennteile bis Dicke 900mm mit Schwerpunkt in den Güten S235JR - S275JR - S355JR / S690QL, Anarbeitung: Richten, Strahlen, Schweißnahtvorbereitung (3D-Fasen) Grundieren, Lackieren, US-Prüfung

La surface du tableau est constituée d’un panneau en fibres de bois HDF laqué noir qui est caractérisé par sa haute densité. Le processus minutieux de revêtement de la surface avec un vernis spécial garantit un bon contraste et fait en sorte que la poussière des craies ou des marqueurs à craie liquide ne pénètre pas dans la surface et s’enlève facilement avec un chiffon humide. Le tableau est résistant aux rayures et facile à utiliser. SKU:PK96W

Emniyet yüzey

Planung, Fertigung und Montage von Galvanikanlagen. Anlagen zur Oberflächenveredelung wie Eloxalanlagen, Verchromungsanlagen, Vergoldungsanlagen, Verkupferanlagen oder Vernickelungsanlagen, inklusive Anlagenteile wie Mischer, Motoren, Badheizungen, Warenbewegungen auch in 3D. Die Rauch OHG plant, fertigt und liefert nach Kundenwunsch und gemeinsamer Entwicklung: Vollständige Galvanisier-Anlagen galvanische Zinkautomaten,Beiz- und Polieranlagen Musterapparate rund um die Galvanik Einzelteile für Maschinen, Ersatzteile und mehr Galvanik-Handanlagen Kleinautomaten prozessgesteuerte Prototypen für Galvanik- und Eloxalanlagen Steuerungsanlagen für Prozessautomation Sondermaschinenbau für Galvanik und Oberflächenbearbeitung Digestorien & Labortische Spül- und Reinigungsanlagen mit Ultraschall

Elektropolituren an den Innenflächen von Armaturen und anderen, mediendurchströmten Teilen Moderne Anlagen der Reinstgastechnik, Chemie, Pharmazie, Biotechnologie, Kerntechnik, Lasertechnik, Lebensmitteltechnik, etc. verlangen Elektropolituren aller inneren, medienberührenden Oberflächen, um die Reinheit des Mediums, die Kontaminationsfreiheit, sowie die Reinigungsfähigkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Know-how der T.O.P. erlaubt den präzisen Bau von Innenelektrodensystemen auch für komplizierteste Teile (Bohrungsdurchmesser bis unter 2 mm). Die professionelle, der Stückzahl angepasste Werkzeuggestaltung erlaubt das preisgünstige bearbeiten von Einzelstücken bis hin zu Serien von einigen tausend Teilen. Zur elektropoliergerechten Vorbereitung (Vorschleifen, Strömungsschleifen) der inneren Oberflächen beraten wir Sie gerne. Wir vermitteln zu spezialisierten Unternehmen, welche in diesem Bereich eng mit uns zusammenarbeiten.

Spraytec forms a seemless, highly elastic waterproof coating. It is best suited for application onto large surface areas, where it can be applied rapidly. Made from bitumen emulsion it is water based, rapid curing and can be applied on uneven surfaces with minimal surface preparation. Spraytec is UV and puncture resistant, self-healing and environmentally friendly. It is suitable for application onto roofs, walls, floors and in underground construction.

Schichtsteine spaltrauh aus Mosel-Grauwacke Schichtsteine, von Hand sortiert und masch. bearbeitet nach DIN 1053 Bild 17 groß Sichtfläche spaltrauh, Schichthöhe von 8-25 cm, Einbautiefe ca. 12-25 cm Ergiebigkeit ca. 2,6-3,0 m²/t Schichtsteine, von Hand sortiert und masch. bearbeitet nach DIN 1053 Bild 17 klein wie vor, jedoch Einbautiefe < 15 cm, Schichthöhe 4-15 cm Ergiebigkeit ca. 4,0-4,5 m²/t

Neubau – Umbau – Sanierung in diesen Tätigkeitsfeldern sind wir für Sie im Wohn- und Gewerbebau aktiv. Kurze Bauzeiten bei gleichzeitig hoher handwerklicher Qualität sichern wir Ihnen zu. Vom Einfamilienhaus bis zur Wohnanlage, vom Lagerraum bis zum Dentallabor, gerne sind wir in allen Bereichen für Sie im Hochbau aktiv. Im Ingenieurhochbau sind wir spezialisiert auf sämtliche Arten von Becken in Stahlbetonbauweise, speziell auch mit aufwendigen Gerinneausführungen in Profilbeton. Im Rahmen des Kläranlagenbaus führen wir darüber hinaus Betriebsgebäude auch in schlüsselfertiger Bauweise einschließlich den notwendigen Ausbauarbeiten durch. Ebenfalls schlüsselfertig oder teilschlüsselfertig sind wir gerne auch für Ihr Bauvorhaben im Bereich von gewerblichen Produktionshallen der Partner für eine wirtschaftliche Erfolgslösung.

Large gamme de moquette de protection pour chantiers (nous consulter)

In den Taschenbatterieschalungen von RATEC steckt die gesamte Kreativität und das ingenieurtechnische Wissen von mehr als 40 Jahren Erfahrung in der Entwicklung und Rationalisierung von Betonfertigteilwerken. Zusammen mit der bewährten upcrete® Technologie beweisen unsere Taschenbatterieschalungen Tag für Tag auf drei Kontinenten ihre hohe Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Die erzielten Endprodukte zeichnen sich durch allseits schalungsglatte Sichtbetonflächen genauso aus, wie durch die minimalsten Geometrietoleranzen. Die Schalungen überzeugen dabei extrem durch ihre Mitarbeiterfreundlichkeit und Robustheit. Material:Stahl

Makes the surface ready for paint, saves paint. Oz does not. It is aesthetic. It is economical Water / Plaster Ratio:10 kg of plaster per 6 - 7 liters of water Usage Period:120 -160 minutes Freezing Time:300 - 350 minutes Consumption Amount:0.2 - 0.4 kg/m2 (every 1mm thick) Compressive Strength:> 3,0 N/mm2 (4x4x16 blok) Dry Unit Bulk Weight:680 - 720 kg/m3 Fire Response:A1 (According to TS EN 13279-1) Its Standard:TS EN 13279 Standard Type:C6 (Thin Applicable Plaster) Type:Polypropylene Bag PP5 Weight:30 kg + %2

Experience Excellence in Steel Construction! Are you in search of top-quality steel construction parts, whether they're finished or semi-finished? Or perhaps you're embarking on a turnkey project and require machine parts or steel construction components? Look no further – we have you covered! Our Offerings: 1. Steel Construction Parts: Our range of steel construction parts is known for its uncompromising quality. Whether you need finished parts ready for assembly or semi-finished components for further processing, we've got the solutions to meet your needs. We take pride in offering robust and precision-crafted steel parts. 2. Turnkey Projects: When it comes to turnkey projects, we specialize in producing machine parts and steel construction elements to your exact specifications. Our end-to-end solutions encompass welding, CNC machining, sandblasting, and painting to provide you with a finished product that's second to none.

Simself Foil Coated Tape It is manufactured from self-adhesive, Special modified bitumen with SBS. It is 1.5 mm thick. COLORS: Natural Aluminum color is Red and Green. SpecificationsUnitFolio Coated Simself Tape Thicknessmm1,5 WeightKg/m21,7 Widthcm10-15-20-30-60 Lengthm10 Upper CoatingAluminum Folio Lower CoatingRemovable Film Content of the Box Package Simself Coated Mineral Tape It contains Fiberglass and Polyester Felt Carrier COLORS: Red – Black and Green – Black SpecificationsUnitFolio Coated Simself Tape Thicknessmm1,5 WeightKg/m21,7 Widthcm10-15-20-30-60 Lengthm10 Upper CoatingAluminum Folio Lower CoatingRemovable Film Content of the Box Package 6m2

Disponibilizamos salas de decapagem de elevada qualidade de construção e fiabilidade, com diferentes configurações adequadas aos requisitos de cada cliente. Em colaboração com parceiros com mais de 30 anos de experiência, com engenharia e meios próprios de fabricação, estudamos as melhores soluções técnicas para o cumprimento das expectativas dos nossos clientes. As salas de decapagem fornecidas pelas Blasqem, podem cumprir com diferentes requisitos e ter várias configurações, nomeadamente: Jateamento com vários operadores Automatização da operação (ex: robots) Sistemas de elevação de peças Elevada luminosidade Cubas pressurizadas duplas Depósitos de grandes capacidades Diferentes sistemas e níveis de recirculação Separação magnética Sistemas ATEX Sem necessidade de fosso Disponibilizamos também salas de decapagem móveis. Estas soluções podem incluir um sistema completo e compacto para a projeção de abrasivo, filtração e recirculação.

Cormach is also been specialised in the construction of fixed cranes. These cranes are secured to any fixed surface do not require the use of stabilisers and include the operating position.

Das ODMR (Overrun Deperming und Measurement Range System) ist ein System zur Reduzierung der magnetischen Signatur von ferromagnetischen Schiffen und U-Booten. Die Art und Weise der magnetischen Behandlung ermöglicht es, die permamente magnetische Signatur zu kontrollieren und minimieren. Der Wirkungsgrad hängt dabei von der jeweiligen Klasse des zu behandelnden Schiffes, dem magnetischen Verhalten des verwendeten Stahls, der magnetischen Geschichte des Schiffes und dem Operationsbereich des Schiffes in Bezug auf seine vertikale Magnetfeldkomponente ab. Die Felder des ODMR sind ausreichend groß um eine Entmagnetisierung für alle erforderlichen Operationen zu ermöglichen. Es kann ausserdem für alle Arten von Schiffen und U-Booten ausgelegt werden, mit einer maximalen Länge von bis zu 250 m und der entsprechenden Installationstiefe der Spulen. Anwendung:für Schiffe, für U-Boote

The Customised manufacturing is performed in a 3000 sqm area. We offer a wide range of services: we construct and machine small, medium and large size components, from 10mm till 5200x3250x2700mm. We have more than 30 machines in this facility (milling, CNC machining centres, grinding, lathes) and 2 Quality laboratories. We have a painting, welding and heat (surface) treatment services. Our CMM machines are: DEA ALPHA, Leitz X1 scan, 5000 x 2500 x 1800 – with this one we can measure the biggest components what we produce. We deliver the report online to our customers. LEITZ REFERENCE, Leitz X5 scan, D200 with rotating table, 1500 x 900 x 700; LEITZ REFERENCE, Leitz X5 scan, 1500 x 900 x 700. All these machines are avialable for rent. Reference:Customised Business Unit

Syntech RGS A fluid, medium-viscous epoxy adhesive for the structural casting of joints (new conglomerates on existing structures). After careful mixing, the two-component compound must be applied on the existing concrete by brush or roller, a few minutes before applying the new conglomerate (“wet-on-wet”). Construction joints between new and existing concrete, flooring and structures. Sealing and filling of cracks in the concrete (of a magnitude greater than 1 mm). The application surfaces should be suitably prepared and adequately resistant: free from dust, grease, fouling, crumbling and non-adhering parts, free of detected surface humidity, for floorings, moreover, it may be advisable to carry out preliminary shot peening or milling of adhesive surfaces. Add component B to component A taking care to remove all the material from the packaging, mix thoroughly with a mixer at a low number of revolutions, until a perfectly homogeneous mixture is obtained; add the required load amount (component C) continue to mix until a homogeneous lump-free mixture is obtained. Apply by brush or roller on the surfaces prepared. Spread, or "cast" on site, the subsequent conglomerate, in the range of application defined by the conditions of adherence of Syntech RGS (before it hardens). Apply from 0.30 to 1,00 kg of Syntech RGS per square metre of surface to be treated. Can 3.3 kg [A] - Can 13.4 kg [A] - Can 1.7 kg [B] - Can 6.6 kg [B] - Kit: 1 Can 3.3 kg [A] + 1 Can 1.7 kg [B] - Kit: 1 Can 13.4 kg [A] + 1 Can 6.6 kg [B]

Liquid product based on lithium silicates, which was created for the protective, consolidating and porosity reducer treatment of concrete, mineral, brick and stone substrates. It guarantees optimal durability and adhesion strength, resistance to UV rays, chemical agents and mechanical stresses. The result of the application allows to obtain a rapid hardening of the surface as well as a revived and homogeneous appearance of the same. The product has a negligible environmental impact thanks to the low VOC content (<50 g / l) and is practically odorless. Protective, reinforcing, water repellent treatments of concrete, mineral and stone supports. Specific product for revitalizing, simultaneously providing a great consolidation and an annulment of the dust produced in concrete supports, interstices, brick, stone or mixed arches, present in taverns, public premises and of historic monuments interest. The application surfaces should be clean, free of incrustations, dust etc. A preliminary wash with distilled water or steam it's recommended. The support should be dry when applying. Apply the product as it is, with low pressure sprayer or brush with long bristles. Keep the substrate wet with Consilex Idrofix for at least 20 minutes during application. If applied on floors, wait 24 hours before passing on the treated support. The reinforcing contribution will be completed after 2-3 weeks of treatment. From 0,20 to 1,00 kg of Consilex Idrofix per square meter of surface to be treated, based on the porosity of the support.

An anti-dust chemical/mechanical revitalising hardener for concrete flooring and screeds, consisting of an aqueous solution of mineral silicates and fluosilicates, activated by specific wetting agents. It is applied in several coats of decreasing dilution in water, with a brush or mechanical “scrubber”. Specific anti-dust treatments for industrial flooring or concrete slabs that have lost their original “vitality”. It reacts with the calcium compounds, soluble and unstable, present in of concrete products, transforming them into new stable, insoluble and resistant compounds. Consequent increases in resistance to wear and tear of the order of 200% -400%, significant increases in chemical stability, resistance to freeze-thaw cycles etc. Reactive impregnations for stabilising chemical and mechanical structures and concrete products. Hardening, anti-dust, anti abrasive and anti-corrosion treatments for concrete floorings. Adjustment of the chemical and mechanical performance of products for the industrial, rural and livestock construction (on horizontal surfaces). Apply, preferably with a brush or with "washer dryer" machine on the basis of the following indications: - Porous surfaces: repeated applications of a solution of water and QL Fluosil at a ratio in 1:1 - Compact surfaces: apply three coats, with decreasing dilution with water. 1a coat 1:3, 2a coat 1:2, 3a coat 1:1. The consumption of QL Fluosil will be proportional to the absorption of the floor to be treated. Indicatively a porous surface will consume about 400 g/m², while a surface with normal porosity will consume 250-300 g/m². Leave the product to dry between one coat and the next and then, after the last coat, wash with copious amounts of water. Protect glass and aluminium surfaces during application. Application surfaces should be clean, free of soiling, crumbling and non-adhering parts, dust, etc., conveniently saturated with water until they reach the condition "saturated with dry surface".